DNS: Why and How It Works

DNS: Why and How It Works:

Why DNS?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to resolve human-readable hostnames like www.abc.com into machine-readable IP addresses like 10.10.10.15. DNS also provides other information about domain names, such as mail services.

DNS is like a phone book for the Internet. If you know a person’s name but don’t know their telephone number, you can simply look it up in a phone book. DNS provides this same service to the Internet.

When you visit http://abc.com in a browser, your computer uses DNS to retrieve the website’s IP address say 10.10.10.15. Without DNS, you would only be able to visit our website (or any website) by visiting its IP address directly, such as http://10.10.10.15.

How does DNS work?

When you visit a domain such as abc.com, your computer follows a series of steps to turn the human-readable web address into a machine-readable IP address. This happens every time you use a domain name, whether you are viewing websites, sending email or listening to Internet radio stations like Gaana.com

Step 1: Request information

The process begins when you ask your computer to resolve a hostname, such as visiting http://abc.com. The first place your computer looks is its local DNS cache, which stores information that your computer has recently retrieved.

If your computer doesn’t already know the answer, it needs to perform a DNS query to find out.

Step 2: Ask the recursive DNS servers

If the information is not stored locally, your computer queries (contacts) your ISP’s recursive DNS servers. These specialized computers perform the legwork of a DNS query on your behalf. Recursive servers have their own caches, so the process usually ends here and the information is returned to the user.

Step 3: Ask the root nameservers

If the recursive servers don’t have the answer, they query the root nameservers. A nameserver is a computer that answers questions about domain names, such as IP addresses. The thirteen root nameservers act as a kind of telephone switchboard for DNS. They don’t know the answer, but they can direct our query to someone that knows where to find it.

Step 4: Ask the TLD nameservers

The root nameservers will look at the first part of our request, reading from right to left — www.abc.com — and direct our query to the Top-Level Domain (TLD) nameservers for .com. Each TLD, such as .com, .org, and .us, have their own set of nameservers, which act like a receptionist for each TLD. These servers don’t have the information we need, but they can refer us directly to the servers that do have the information.

Step 5: Ask the authoritative DNS servers

The TLD nameservers review the next part of our request — www.abc.com — and direct our query to the nameservers responsible for this specific domain. These authoritative nameservers are responsible for knowing all the information about a specific domain, which are stored in DNS records. There are many types of records, which each contain a different kind of information. In this example, we want to know the IP address for www.abcdns.com, so we ask the authoritative nameserver for the Address Record (A).

Step 6: Retrieve the record

The recursive server retrieves the A record for abc.com from the authoritative nameservers and stores the record in its local cache. If anyone else requests the host record for abc.com, the recursive servers will already have the answer and will not need to go through the lookup process again. All records have a time-to-live value, which is like an expiration date. After a while, the recursive server will need to ask for a new copy of the record to make sure the information doesn’t become out-of-date.

Step 7: Receive the answer

Armed with the answer, recursive server returns the A record back to your computer. Your computer stores the record in its cache, reads the IP address from the record, then passes this information to your browser. The browser then opens a connection to the webserver and receives the website.

This entire process, from start to finish, takes only milliseconds to complete.